What colors are available as standard, and why should you choose one
over another. Is there a "best" color?
Green is obviously the standard, if you take a sample of 1000 different PCB's from different manufacturers, green is clearly the winner. So if you want a standardized board color, you'd better order green.
If your a rebel and like to go against per-defined standards, then go for purple or orange, or if you really need attention, "hot pink". If you just want something different blue will suffice
Would any of this affect color blind tech people who work on the
board?
Yes, you need to implement a system like RHOS to control how much color is on the boards and a require that all products have the correct color of board so that no more color blind people need to suffer.